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Your first job in finance, economics or data analytics

Eleven entry-level roles explained plainly: what you actually do, the skills that get you hired, realistic entry pay in the UK, Europe, the US and worldwide, where the jobs are, and how graduates really get in. Every role links to the free lessons and glossary terms on this site that build it.

Finance roles Economics roles Data Analytics roles Job markets by region How to get the first job FAQ

Finance roles

Roles that price, trade, allocate or safeguard capital. Heaviest on Excel-to-Python modelling and on knowing the theory cold.

Financial Analyst (FP&A / corporate finance)

You are the person who knows where the money went and where it is going: budgets, forecasts and the monthly variance story for a company.

What you actually do

·Build and maintain the budget and rolling forecast in Excel (increasingly Python and SQL pull the inputs)
·Explain variances: why revenue, cost or margin moved versus plan, in a deck someone senior reads
·Support business cases: should we open the site, launch the product, hire the team
·Month-end: reconcile actuals with Finance, refresh dashboards, answer "what happened?"

Skills that get you hired

Excel modelling (3-statement, sensitivity tables)
Clear written explanation of numbers
SQL to pull your own data
pandas for anything Excel chokes on
Accounting basics (P&L, balance sheet, cash flow)

Build these skills here, free

Python Foundations ROI calculator lesson SQL Foundations GROUP BY aggregates

Know cold for the interview

WACC Gordon Growth Model Annualised Return

How graduates get in

Graduate schemes at large corporates and Big-4 firms are the standard door; a finance/economics/business degree helps but a portfolio (a real budget model, a variance write-up) beats grades. Part-qualified accounting (ACCA/CIMA/CFA L1) is a strong signal.

Ladder:AnalystSenior AnalystFinance Manager / FP&A ManagerHead of FP&A / Finance Director

Search these titles: Financial Analyst · FP&A Analyst · Junior Finance Analyst · Graduate Finance Scheme · Commercial Analyst

Entry-level pay, 2026 (orientation only)

Region	Entry band	Note
United Kingdom	£28k–£40k	London graduate schemes at the top; regional and SME roles at the low end. Triangulated from grad-scheme published rates and large UK salary aggregators.
Europe (EU)	€35k–€55k	Wide because Europe is many markets: Luxembourg, Switzerland and the Nordics well above; Southern and Eastern Europe below. Local salary aggregators + Eurostat wage data.
United States	$60k–$80k	US Bureau of Labor Statistics median for financial analysts is far higher across all experience; this band is entry-level. NYC/SF above.
Worldwide	varies widely	Financial hubs (Singapore, Hong Kong, Dubai, Toronto, Sydney) pay near UK/US levels; most other markets substantially less. Convert with cost of living, not FX.

Where:Every company with a finance department: the largest job pool in this guideConsultancies and Big-4 advisory (transaction services, valuation)Corporates in London, Frankfurt, Paris, Amsterdam, New York, Chicago

Investment Banking Analyst

You build the models and decks behind mergers, IPOs and debt deals, at very high intensity, for very high pay.

What you actually do

·Financial modelling: DCF, comparables, LBO, merger models in Excel
·Pitch books and information memoranda: many, many slides, checked to the decimal
·Data rooms and due diligence support on live deals
·Long hours; the first two years are an apprenticeship in speed and accuracy

Skills that get you hired

Valuation (DCF, multiples, LBO) cold
Excel to a fault
Accounting fluency
PowerPoint precision
Stamina and attention to detail

Build these skills here, free

ROI calculator Merge prices with fundamentals Capstone: Quant Equity Research Report

Know cold for the interview

WACC CAPM Gordon Growth Model Bond Duration

How graduates get in

Almost entirely through the summer internship → return offer pipeline, recruited 12–18 months ahead. Target and semi-target universities dominate at bulge brackets; boutiques and mid-market banks are more open. Networking and technical-interview prep (the "400 questions" style guides) are non-negotiable.

Ladder:Analyst (2–3 yrs)AssociateVice PresidentDirector / Managing Director

Search these titles: Investment Banking Analyst · IBD Analyst · M&A Analyst · Summer Analyst (internship) · Off-cycle Analyst

Entry-level pay, 2026 (orientation only)

Region	Entry band	Note
United Kingdom	£60k–£80k base + bonus	London bulge-bracket first-year base; bonuses can add 50–100%. Boutiques and regional banks lower. Widely published by recruiters each year.
Europe (EU)	€60k–€90k base + bonus	Frankfurt, Paris, Milan, Amsterdam; Zurich/Geneva above in CHF. Recruiter surveys.
United States	$110k–$125k base + bonus	New York bulge-bracket first-year base after the 2021–22 resets; total comp materially higher. Widely reported.
Worldwide	hub-priced	Hong Kong, Singapore, Dubai and Sydney pay near London/NY levels; elsewhere IB is thin.

Where:London, New York, Hong Kong, Frankfurt, Paris, Singapore, DubaiBulge brackets, elite boutiques, mid-market banks, Big-4 corporate financeHighly cyclical: hiring rises and falls with deal volume

Quantitative Analyst / Quant Researcher

You turn maths and code into pricing models, risk models or trading signals. The most technical role in finance, and the one this whole site is pointed at.

What you actually do

·Research: test hypotheses on market data with Python (pandas, NumPy, scikit-learn), backtest, iterate
·Model: derivatives pricing, risk factors, execution, or ML-driven alpha depending on the desk
·Production: turn research code into robust, tested libraries; monitor models live
·Explain results to traders, portfolio managers and risk, in numbers they trust

Skills that get you hired

Python at a professional level (pandas, NumPy, testing)
Probability, statistics, linear algebra
Time-series and ML basics with rigorous validation
Derivatives and portfolio theory
SQL for large data; C++ for some desks

Build these skills here, free

Machine Learning track Walk-forward backtest Overfitting & cross-validation Data Manipulation track Capstone research report

Know cold for the interview

Black-Scholes Put-Call Parity Value at Risk Sharpe Ratio Markowitz Portfolio

How graduates get in

Usually a quantitative Master's or PhD (maths, physics, stats, financial engineering, CS) plus a coding test and a maths interview. Model-validation and risk-quant roles at banks are the most accessible entry; hedge-fund and prop-trading research roles are the most selective. A public GitHub with a clean, tested backtest is a real differentiator.

Ladder:Quant Analyst / ResearcherSenior QuantLead Quant / Portfolio ManagerHead of Quant Research

Search these titles: Quantitative Analyst · Quant Researcher · Quantitative Developer · Quant Strategist · Model Validation Analyst (risk-side entry)

Entry-level pay, 2026 (orientation only)

Region	Entry band	Note
United Kingdom	£60k–£100k+	Bank model-validation and risk-quant roles at the low end; hedge funds and prop shops well above with large bonuses. Recruiter surveys; extreme dispersion.
Europe (EU)	€55k–€90k	Paris (large derivatives desks), Frankfurt, Amsterdam (market makers), Zurich (in CHF, higher). Recruiter surveys.
United States	$120k–$200k+	New York and Chicago; prop-trading and hedge-fund entry packages can far exceed this. Widely reported, highly dispersed.
Worldwide	hub-priced	Hong Kong, Singapore, Sydney; growing in Amsterdam and Paris for market-making. Elsewhere rare.

Where:Investment banks (pricing, risk, model validation): the biggest entry poolHedge funds, asset managers, market makers, prop-trading firmsLondon, New York, Chicago, Paris, Amsterdam, Hong Kong, Singapore

Risk Analyst (market, credit, operational)

You measure and police the risks a bank or fund is running, and regulators make sure someone does this job well.

What you actually do

·Compute and monitor risk metrics: VaR, Expected Shortfall, stress tests, exposure and limit breaches
·Credit: assess borrowers and portfolios; build or maintain PD/LGD models
·Regulatory reporting (Basel, IFRS 9, FRTB) and internal risk committees
·Increasingly Python and SQL to automate what used to be Excel

Skills that get you hired

Statistics and probability
VaR / ES / stress testing concepts
SQL and Python for large data
Regulatory literacy (Basel III/IV, IFRS 9)
Writing a clear risk report

Build these skills here, free

Value at Risk explainer Data Manipulation track Log returns & rolling volatility Advanced Finance SQL

Know cold for the interview

Value at Risk Expected Shortfall Volatility Drawdown

How graduates get in

One of the most accessible entry doors into banking: large graduate intakes, less prestige-gated than front office, values a quantitative degree plus demonstrable SQL/Python. FRM Part 1 or the CFA are useful signals; regulation knowledge is learnt on the job.

Ladder:Risk AnalystSenior Risk AnalystRisk ManagerHead of Market/Credit Risk, CRO track

Search these titles: Risk Analyst · Market Risk Analyst · Credit Risk Analyst · Model Risk / Validation Analyst · Graduate Risk Scheme

Entry-level pay, 2026 (orientation only)

Region	Entry band	Note
United Kingdom	£32k–£48k	London bank graduate schemes; regional centres (Edinburgh, Manchester, Belfast) somewhat lower. Grad-scheme rates + aggregators.
Europe (EU)	€40k–€60k	Frankfurt, Paris, Amsterdam, Dublin, Luxembourg (higher). Aggregators.
United States	$70k–$95k	New York, Charlotte, Chicago. Aggregators + published bank ranges.
Worldwide	hub-priced	Every regulated bank in every country needs risk; hubs pay more, but the role exists everywhere.

Where:Banks (largest pool), asset managers, insurers, fintech lendersRegulators and central banksEvery financial hub, plus large regional back-office centres

Asset Management / Equity Research Analyst

You research companies, sectors or funds and recommend what to buy, hold or sell, for a fund or for the clients of a bank.

What you actually do

·Build company models, read filings and transcripts, talk to management and industry contacts
·Write research: initiations, updates, a thesis with a price target and the risks to it
·Track a sector or a portfolio: earnings seasons, news, factor exposures
·Buy-side: support the portfolio manager; sell-side: publish for clients

Skills that get you hired

Valuation and accounting
A genuine interest in businesses and markets
Writing a persuasive, honest thesis
Python/pandas for screening and factor work (rising fast)
CFA progress

Build these skills here, free

Capstone: Quant Equity Research Report Correlation matrix Portfolio optimisation CAPM beta in SQL

Know cold for the interview

CAPM Alpha Beta Fama-French 3-Factor Efficient Market Hypothesis

How graduates get in

Graduate schemes at asset managers and the research arms of banks; internships matter enormously. A stock pitch you can defend for 20 minutes is the interview. CFA Level 1 passed (or scheduled) is close to expected.

Ladder:Research Associate / AnalystSenior AnalystPortfolio ManagerHead of Research / CIO

Search these titles: Equity Research Associate · Investment Analyst · Research Analyst · Portfolio Analyst · Graduate Investment Scheme

Entry-level pay, 2026 (orientation only)

Region	Entry band	Note
United Kingdom	£40k–£60k + bonus	London asset managers and sell-side research; smaller boutiques lower. Recruiter surveys.
Europe (EU)	€45k–€70k	Paris, Frankfurt, Amsterdam, Luxembourg (fund administration hub, higher). Recruiter surveys.
United States	$85k–$120k + bonus	New York, Boston. Recruiter surveys.
Worldwide	hub-priced	Hong Kong, Singapore, Sydney, Toronto have deep asset-management industries.

Where:Asset managers, pension funds, sovereign wealth funds, private banksSell-side research at investment banksLondon, Edinburgh, Paris, Luxembourg, Boston, New York

Economics roles

Roles that explain and forecast the economy for banks, governments, consultancies and central banks. Heaviest on macro data, econometrics and writing.

Economist (bank, consultancy, think tank)

You explain what the economy is doing and forecast what it will do next, for people who trade, lend, invest or set policy on your view.

What you actually do

·Track releases: GDP, inflation, employment, PMIs; write the note before the market moves on
·Forecast: maintain models (from spreadsheets to VARs) for growth, rates, FX
·Write and present: economic commentary, client notes, chart packs, media lines
·Answer the desk's question: "what does this print mean for the ECB in June?"

Skills that get you hired

Macroeconomics and monetary policy, cold
Econometrics and time series
Python or R for data and charts
Fast, clear writing
Fluency with FRED / ECB / ONS / Eurostat data

Build these skills here, free

Point-in-time macro joins (SQL)Log returns & rolling stats Thesis data guide (FRED, ECB, Eurostat)Cleaning financial data

Know cold for the interview

Okun's Law Fisher Equation Purchasing Power Parity GDP Quantity Theory of Money

How graduates get in

Usually a Master's in economics (or a strong quantitative undergraduate) plus published or dissertation research you can talk about. Banks, consultancies (economic consulting is a distinct, litigation-heavy field), think tanks and industry bodies hire graduates; central-bank research roles are competitive and PhD-tilted.

Ladder:Junior / Research EconomistEconomistSenior EconomistChief Economist / Head of Research

Search these titles: Economist · Junior Economist · Economic Analyst · Macro Analyst · Research Economist

Entry-level pay, 2026 (orientation only)

Region	Entry band	Note
United Kingdom	£30k–£45k	Bank and consultancy graduate roles in London; think tanks lower. Aggregators + published schemes.
Europe (EU)	€38k–€55k	Frankfurt (ECB ecosystem), Paris, Brussels, Amsterdam. Aggregators.
United States	$65k–$90k	BLS occupational data for economists shows a high median across all experience; this is entry. Washington DC and New York.
Worldwide	varies widely	International organisations (IMF, World Bank, OECD, BIS) run their own graduate programmes with their own scales.

Where:Banks and asset managers (macro research desks)Consultancies, think tanks, industry associations, rating agenciesLondon, Frankfurt, Paris, Brussels, Washington DC, New York

Government / Central Bank Economist

You do the analysis behind public policy: the budget, the interest-rate decision, the regulation, the impact assessment.

What you actually do

·Policy analysis: cost, benefit and distributional impact of a proposed measure
·Forecasting and modelling for fiscal or monetary decisions
·Briefings for ministers, governors, committees; evidence for consultations
·Research papers and statistical publications, on a slower, more rigorous cadence than markets

Skills that get you hired

Public economics and macro
Econometrics, causal inference, evaluation methods
R or Python; Stata still common
Writing for non-economists
Comfort with process and rigour

Build these skills here, free

SQL Foundations Data Manipulation track Thesis data guide (official statistics)Linear regression

Know cold for the interview

Keynesian Multiplier Okun's Law Fisher Equation GDP Nash Equilibrium

How graduates get in

Structured entry: the UK Government Economic Service and Bank of England graduate schemes, the ECB and national central banks' graduate/trainee programmes, the EU institutions' competitions, and national civil-service economist grades. Nationality or work-permit conditions often apply. A Master's is typical; PhDs dominate central-bank research divisions.

Ladder:Assistant / Junior EconomistEconomist / Economic AdviserSenior EconomistChief Economist / Director of Analysis

Search these titles: Assistant Economist · Economist (Government Economic Service) · Graduate Economist (central bank) · Policy Analyst · Research Analyst

Entry-level pay, 2026 (orientation only)

Region	Entry band	Note
United Kingdom	£30k–£40k	Government Economic Service and Bank of England published graduate scales; London weighting applies. Below private sector, above-average pension and progression.
Europe (EU)	€40k–€70k	Very wide: national civil services vary; ECB and EU institutions pay well above national averages on published grades.
United States	$60k–$85k	Federal GS scale for entry economists (GS-7 to GS-9 in most locales); Federal Reserve system on its own scales.
Worldwide	institution-specific	IMF, World Bank, OECD, BIS and UN bodies publish their own grade scales; generally competitive and often tax-advantaged.

Where:Treasuries, finance ministries, statistical offices, regulatorsCentral banks (research, monetary policy, financial stability)International organisations in Washington, Paris, Basel, Brussels, Frankfurt

Economic Consultant

You apply economics to a client's problem: a competition case, a damages estimate, a regulated price, a market study.

What you actually do

·Empirical work: build datasets, run regressions, estimate market power or damages
·Write expert reports and evidence used in courts, competition authorities and regulators
·Model regulated businesses (energy, water, telecoms, transport)
·Project-based, client-facing, deadline-driven

Skills that get you hired

Industrial organisation and competition economics
Econometrics you can defend under cross-examination
Python/R/Stata; Excel for client models
Rigorous, defensible writing
Commercial awareness

Build these skills here, free

Linear regression Feature engineering Merging datasets SQL joins

Know cold for the interview

Price Elasticity of Demand Nash Equilibrium Cobb-Douglas p-value

How graduates get in

A small, well-defined industry with well-known firms; graduate hiring favours strong economics degrees (Master's common), a good econometrics dissertation, and case-style interviews. Very good training ground; many move to regulators, competition authorities or industry later.

Ladder:AnalystConsultant / Senior AnalystManager / Senior ConsultantPrincipal / Partner

Search these titles: Analyst (economic consulting) · Economic Analyst · Junior Consultant · Research Analyst

Entry-level pay, 2026 (orientation only)

Region	Entry band	Note
United Kingdom	£35k–£50k	London specialist firms; among the better-paid economics entry routes. Recruiter surveys + firm-published ranges.
Europe (EU)	€40k–€60k	Brussels (competition), Paris, Amsterdam, Madrid, Frankfurt. Aggregators.
United States	$75k–$100k	Litigation-consulting firms in Washington DC, New York, Chicago, San Francisco.
Worldwide	hub-priced	Follows the location of competition authorities and courts.

Where:Specialist economic-consulting firms and the economics arms of the Big 4London, Brussels, Paris, Washington DCRegulated industries and competition/antitrust practices

Data Analytics roles

Roles that turn raw data into decisions in any industry, finance included. Heaviest on SQL, pandas and communicating a chart. The widest entry door of the three.

Data Analyst / Business Intelligence Analyst

You answer business questions with data: pull it (SQL), shape it (pandas), show it (a dashboard), and say what it means. The widest entry door in this whole guide.

What you actually do

·Write SQL all day: joins, aggregations, window functions against the warehouse
·Build and maintain dashboards (Power BI, Tableau, Looker) that people actually open
·Ad-hoc analysis: "why did conversion drop last week?" with a clear answer by Friday
·Define and defend metrics; clean the data everyone else assumed was clean

Skills that get you hired

SQL first, second and third
pandas for anything beyond SQL
One BI tool well
Statistics enough to not fool yourself
Explaining a chart to a non-technical manager

Build these skills here, free

SQL Foundations Window functions Multi-CTE pipeline Data Manipulation track GroupBy stats per ticker

Know cold for the interview

GROUP BY Window Function JOIN DataFrame p-value

How graduates get in

The most portfolio-friendly role here: a public GitHub with two or three real analyses (a dataset, the SQL, the notebook, a short write-up of the finding) routinely beats a more relevant degree. Any industry hires; finance pays a premium for the same skills. Free lessons on this site plus a portfolio is a legitimate route in.

Ladder:Data AnalystSenior Data AnalystAnalytics Lead / Analytics EngineerHead of Analytics / Data Science pivot

Search these titles: Data Analyst · BI Analyst · Business Analyst (data) · Reporting Analyst · Insight Analyst · Junior Analyst

Entry-level pay, 2026 (orientation only)

Region	Entry band	Note
United Kingdom	£26k–£38k	London and finance/tech at the top; regional and non-tech sectors lower. Large UK aggregators + ONS-adjacent occupational data.
Europe (EU)	€32k–€50k	Amsterdam, Berlin, Dublin, Paris higher; Southern and Eastern Europe lower. Aggregators.
United States	$60k–$80k	BLS operations-research and data-analyst adjacent occupations; tech hubs above. Aggregators.
Worldwide	everywhere	The most geographically distributed role in this guide, including strong remote and near-shore markets (Poland, Portugal, India, Latin America).

Where:Every industry: finance, tech, retail, health, public sector, consultingIncreasingly remote-friendlyThe best stepping stone into data science, analytics engineering or finance

Data Scientist / ML Analyst

You build models that predict or classify (churn, fraud, credit default, demand) and prove they work before anyone relies on them.

What you actually do

·Frame the problem, assemble the training data, engineer features
·Train, validate and compare models; fight overfitting; explain the trade-offs
·Ship: package the model, monitor drift, retrain
·Communicate uncertainty honestly to people who want a single number

Skills that get you hired

Python: pandas, scikit-learn, and testing your code
Statistics and validation discipline (train/test, cross-validation)
SQL to get your own data
Feature engineering and honest evaluation metrics
Communicating a model's limits

Build these skills here, free

Machine Learning track Overfitting & cross-validation Confusion matrix & asymmetric costs Random forest & feature importance Data drift (IT Essentials)

Know cold for the interview

p-value Normal Distribution Standard Deviation Backtest

How graduates get in

A quantitative Master's is common but not required if the portfolio is strong: one end-to-end project (data → model → validation → write-up, with the honest failure modes) beats five tutorial notebooks. Entry titles vary wildly; "analyst" roles at good companies are often data-science roles in practice. Finance (credit risk, fraud, quant) is one of the largest employers.

Ladder:Junior Data ScientistData ScientistSenior / Lead Data ScientistPrincipal / Head of Data Science

Search these titles: Data Scientist · Junior Data Scientist · ML Analyst · Applied Scientist (I) · Graduate Data Scientist

Entry-level pay, 2026 (orientation only)

Region	Entry band	Note
United Kingdom	£32k–£50k	London tech and finance at the top. Aggregators + recruiter surveys.
Europe (EU)	€40k–€60k	Amsterdam, Berlin, Paris, Dublin, Zurich (CHF, higher). Aggregators.
United States	$90k–$130k	Big-tech and finance well above; BLS data-scientist occupation median is high. Aggregators.
Worldwide	hub-priced	Strong markets in Canada, Australia, Singapore, India (large, lower-priced), and remote roles.

Where:Tech, finance (credit, fraud, quant), retail, health, consultingLondon, Amsterdam, Berlin, Paris, New York, San Francisco, TorontoRemote-friendly for experienced hires; entry roles more often on-site

Analytics Engineer / Data Engineer

You build the pipelines and warehouses the analysts and scientists live on. Less glamour, more demand, excellent pay for the skill level.

What you actually do

·Build data pipelines: extract from sources, transform (SQL/dbt/Python), load into the warehouse
·Model the warehouse so analysts can query it sanely; own data quality and tests
·Orchestration, CI/CD for data, monitoring, cost
·Work closely with analysts on what they actually need

Skills that get you hired

Advanced SQL (CTEs, window functions, performance)
Python for pipelines and tests
Git and CI/CD as daily tools
One warehouse (Snowflake, BigQuery, Redshift, Databricks) and dbt
Cloud basics

Build these skills here, free

Multi-CTE pipeline (SQL)CTE basics Git & GitHub push CI/CD pipeline Environments & secrets What is the cloud

Know cold for the interview

CTE Window Function JOIN

How graduates get in

Often the second job rather than the first: analysts who got good at SQL and Git slide into analytics engineering. Direct entry exists via graduate schemes at consultancies and banks. Certifications (dbt, a cloud provider) plus a small public pipeline project help more here than in most roles.

Ladder:Junior / Analytics EngineerData EngineerSenior Data EngineerStaff Engineer / Head of Data Platform

Search these titles: Analytics Engineer · Junior Data Engineer · Data Engineer · ETL Developer · BI Developer

Entry-level pay, 2026 (orientation only)

Region	Entry band	Note
United Kingdom	£32k–£50k	London and finance/tech higher; strong demand across regions. Aggregators.
Europe (EU)	€40k–€60k	Amsterdam, Berlin, Dublin, Paris; Zurich (CHF) higher. Aggregators.
United States	$85k–$120k	Tech and finance hubs; consistently strong demand. Aggregators.
Worldwide	hub-priced + remote	One of the most remote-friendly technical roles; large markets in India, Poland, Latin America.

Where:Every company with a data warehouse: tech, finance, retail, public sectorConsultancies and cloud partnersStrong remote market

The job market, region by region

Where the roles are, how hiring actually works there, what to watch for as an international candidate, and where graduates look.

United Kingdom

London is one of the two or three deepest finance job markets on earth; the rest of the UK is a real market too.

·Structured graduate schemes dominate entry: applications open a year ahead (typically September to December for the following autumn), with online tests, assessment centres and internships feeding return offers.
·Beyond London: Edinburgh (asset management, banking), Manchester and Leeds (banking back and middle office, consulting), Belfast (financial services operations), Bristol and Cardiff (finance and public sector).
·The public route: the Government Economic Service and the Bank of England run their own annual graduate intakes for economists.
·International students: check the Graduate visa (post-study work) and which employers sponsor Skilled Worker visas; many large finance employers do, many SMEs do not.
·Cycle-sensitive: investment-banking and asset-management hiring rises and falls with markets; risk, compliance, data and public-sector roles are steadier.

Where graduates look

LinkedIn · the default for everything; set alerts on the exact entry titles above
eFinancialCareers · finance-specific, strong for London and hubs
Bright Network / TARGETjobs / Prospects · graduate schemes and deadlines in one place
Civil Service Jobs · the GES and departmental economist roles
Employer sites directly · banks and asset managers post schemes on their own careers pages first

Europe (EU)

Europe is many national markets with a few pan-European hubs; language often matters as much as skills.

·Hubs: Frankfurt (ECB, banking, risk), Paris (derivatives, asset management, economics), Amsterdam (trading, market making, fintech, data), Luxembourg (funds, private banking, very high pay), Dublin (funds, tech, English-speaking), Zurich and Geneva (private banking, quant; outside the EU, CHF), Brussels (economics, competition, EU institutions), Milan and Madrid (national banking).
·Language: English is enough in Amsterdam, Dublin, Luxembourg, most quant desks and most tech data roles; German, French, Italian or Spanish materially widen the door in national markets and are often required in client-facing and public roles.
·The Nordics and Switzerland pay the most; Southern and Eastern Europe pay less but have fast-growing shared-service and data centres (Warsaw, Krakow, Lisbon, Bucharest, Budapest).
·EU citizens move freely; others need permits, and the EU Blue Card sets salary thresholds that many entry roles do not meet. Check before you apply.
·Institutions: the ECB, national central banks, the European Commission and agencies run traineeships and graduate programmes with published pay grades and firm deadlines.

Where graduates look

LinkedIn · again the default; filter by city and language
eFinancialCareers · finance across all the hubs
EURES · the EU's own job portal, useful for cross-border roles
National sites · StepStone / Indeed (DE), APEC / Welcome to the Jungle (FR), InfoJobs (ES), Jobindex (DK), Finn (NO), plus each central bank's careers page
ECB / EU careers · traineeships and graduate programmes with fixed windows

United States

The largest and highest-paying market, with the most structured recruiting and the hardest visa path for non-citizens.

·New York (banking, asset management, quant), Chicago (trading, prop, derivatives), Boston (asset management), San Francisco and Seattle (data, tech, fintech), Charlotte (banking operations), Washington DC (economists, policy, economic consulting).
·Recruiting is early and structured: internships lead, often recruited 12–18 months ahead; the campus career centre and alumni network matter more than in Europe.
·Visas: most entry roles require existing work authorisation; the OPT (and STEM OPT extension) is the usual bridge for international graduates, with H-1B sponsorship a lottery afterwards. Ask before investing in an application.
·Salaries are higher and healthcare/benefits are part of the package; compare total compensation and cost of living, not base pay.
·Certifications carry weight: CFA, FRM, and for analysts, SQL/BI-tool proficiency demonstrable in interviews.

Where graduates look

LinkedIn · default
Handshake · the university-to-employer platform most campuses use for internships and new-grad roles
eFinancialCareers / Wall Street Oasis · finance roles and, on WSO, brutally honest recruiting intelligence
USAJOBS · federal economist and analyst roles
Employer sites · banks and funds post analyst programmes directly, early

Worldwide

Finance clusters in a dozen hubs; data analytics is everywhere and increasingly remote.

·Asia-Pacific: Hong Kong and Singapore (banking, asset management, quant; English-speaking), Tokyo (large, language-dependent), Sydney and Melbourne (superannuation funds, banking), Mumbai and Bengaluru (huge data and analytics markets, growing quant), Shanghai and Shenzhen (fast-growing, language-dependent).
·Middle East: Dubai and Abu Dhabi (banking, sovereign wealth, asset management; tax-free packages), Riyadh (rapidly growing).
·Americas: Toronto (banking, asset management, data), São Paulo and Mexico City (regional hubs), plus near-shore data centres serving the US.
·Africa: Johannesburg and Cape Town (banking, asset management), Lagos, Nairobi and Cairo (growing fintech and data).
·International organisations run their own graduate programmes: IMF and World Bank (Washington), OECD (Paris), BIS (Basel), UN system, regional development banks (ADB Manila, AfDB Abidjan, IADB Washington, EBRD London).
·Remote and hybrid have widened the map for data roles far more than for finance roles, which remain overwhelmingly on-site in hubs.

Where graduates look

LinkedIn · the only truly global board
eFinancialCareers · covers Asia and the Middle East hubs
Institution careers pages · IMF, World Bank, OECD, BIS, UN, development banks
Regional leaders · Naukri (India), Seek (Australia/NZ), JobStreet (SE Asia), Bayt (Middle East), Catho (Brazil)

How to actually get the first job

Six things that move the needle for a graduate with no experience, in order.

1
Pick a family, then one or two roles, not "finance".
Recruiters hire for a role. "I want to work in finance" gets nothing; "I am targeting risk analyst and data analyst roles at banks and asset managers" gets interviews. Use the role cards above to choose, then read the entry titles they list and search those exact words.
2
Build one thing you can show, and put it on GitHub.
A real analysis or backtest with clean, tested code and a two-paragraph write-up beats a line on a CV. The capstone project on this site is designed to be exactly that artefact: a quant equity research report you can defend for twenty minutes.
Start the capstone
3
Learn the tools the job description repeats.
Read ten postings for your target role and count. For data and risk roles it is SQL first, then Python/pandas, then a BI tool. For quant it is Python at a professional level plus statistics. For economists it is data fluency plus writing. Every one of those is a free track here.
Start with SQL
4
Know the theory interviewers ask about, cold.
Each role card lists the glossary terms that come up. Every one has a definition, the formula, the code, and for the big ones an interactive explainer. Do not walk into a quant interview unable to derive put-call parity, or a risk interview unable to explain Expected Shortfall.
Open the glossary
5
Apply early and to the schemes, not only the postings.
Graduate schemes and internships close 9–12 months before the start date and feed most entry hiring in banking, asset management and government. Set a calendar for the autumn deadlines. Off-cycle and rolling roles at smaller firms fill the gaps.
6
Get the certificate, then say so on LinkedIn.
A completed track here earns a certificate you can add to your profile. It is not a degree and we do not pretend it is; it is evidence that you did the work, in a form recruiters can click. Combine it with the GitHub project and the specific role targeting above.
See the certificates

Frequently asked questions

What is the easiest finance-adjacent job to get with Python and SQL skills?

Data analyst and risk analyst are the two most accessible entry doors. Both hire in large numbers, value demonstrable SQL and Python over prestige, and are portfolio-friendly: a public GitHub with real analyses regularly beats a more relevant degree. Data analyst roles exist in every industry; risk analyst roles sit inside banks, asset managers and insurers.

Do I need a Master's degree for a quant role?

Usually yes for quant researcher and quant analyst roles at funds and trading desks, where a quantitative Master's or PhD plus a maths and coding interview is the norm. The exceptions are model-validation and risk-quant roles at banks, which are the most accessible quant entry points and sometimes take strong undergraduates with a serious coding portfolio.

How much do entry-level finance jobs pay in the UK, Europe and the US?

Very roughly, and varying by role and city: UK graduate finance and economics roles cluster around £28k to £50k, with investment banking well above at £60k+ plus bonus; EU roles around €35k to €60k with Switzerland, Luxembourg and the Nordics higher; US roles around $60k to $95k with investment banking and quant starting above $110k. Every band on this page is a rounded orientation, not an offer: verify current numbers before you negotiate.

Which is better for a first job: London, Frankfurt, Paris or New York?

London and New York have the deepest markets and the most structured graduate schemes; New York pays most but is hardest to enter without US work authorisation. Frankfurt is the ECB and risk hub, Paris the derivatives and economics hub, and both often expect the local language outside quant and tech roles. Amsterdam, Dublin and Luxembourg are strong English-speaking European alternatives.

How do I get a finance job with no experience?

Target a specific entry role, learn the exact tools its job descriptions repeat (usually SQL then Python), build one real project you can show on GitHub, know the core theory cold, and apply early to graduate schemes and internships rather than only to open postings. Free structured practice plus a portfolio is a legitimate route into data, risk and analyst roles.

Every skill on this page is a free lesson away

Pick your role above, then start the track it points to. Python and SQL run in your browser, no signup, and a certificate waits at the end of each track.

Start lesson 1, free Build the capstone project

Your first job in finance, economics or data analytics

Region

Entry band

Note

United Kingdom

£28k–£40k

London graduate schemes at the top; regional and SME roles at the low end. Triangulated from grad-scheme published rates and large UK salary aggregators.

Europe (EU)

€35k–€55k

Wide because Europe is many markets: Luxembourg, Switzerland and the Nordics well above; Southern and Eastern Europe below. Local salary aggregators + Eurostat wage data.

United States

$60k–$80k

US Bureau of Labor Statistics median for financial analysts is far higher across all experience; this band is entry-level. NYC/SF above.

Worldwide

varies widely

Financial hubs (Singapore, Hong Kong, Dubai, Toronto, Sydney) pay near UK/US levels; most other markets substantially less. Convert with cost of living, not FX.

Region

Entry band

Note

United Kingdom

£60k–£80k base + bonus

London bulge-bracket first-year base; bonuses can add 50–100%. Boutiques and regional banks lower. Widely published by recruiters each year.

Europe (EU)

€60k–€90k base + bonus

Frankfurt, Paris, Milan, Amsterdam; Zurich/Geneva above in CHF. Recruiter surveys.

United States

$110k–$125k base + bonus

New York bulge-bracket first-year base after the 2021–22 resets; total comp materially higher. Widely reported.

Worldwide

hub-priced

Hong Kong, Singapore, Dubai and Sydney pay near London/NY levels; elsewhere IB is thin.

Region

Entry band

Note

United Kingdom

£60k–£100k+

Bank model-validation and risk-quant roles at the low end; hedge funds and prop shops well above with large bonuses. Recruiter surveys; extreme dispersion.

Europe (EU)

€55k–€90k

Paris (large derivatives desks), Frankfurt, Amsterdam (market makers), Zurich (in CHF, higher). Recruiter surveys.

United States

$120k–$200k+

New York and Chicago; prop-trading and hedge-fund entry packages can far exceed this. Widely reported, highly dispersed.

Worldwide

hub-priced

Hong Kong, Singapore, Sydney; growing in Amsterdam and Paris for market-making. Elsewhere rare.

Region

Entry band

Note

United Kingdom

£32k–£48k

London bank graduate schemes; regional centres (Edinburgh, Manchester, Belfast) somewhat lower. Grad-scheme rates + aggregators.

Europe (EU)

€40k–€60k

Frankfurt, Paris, Amsterdam, Dublin, Luxembourg (higher). Aggregators.

United States

$70k–$95k

New York, Charlotte, Chicago. Aggregators + published bank ranges.

Worldwide

hub-priced

Every regulated bank in every country needs risk; hubs pay more, but the role exists everywhere.

Region

Entry band

Note

United Kingdom

£40k–£60k + bonus

London asset managers and sell-side research; smaller boutiques lower. Recruiter surveys.

Europe (EU)

€45k–€70k

Paris, Frankfurt, Amsterdam, Luxembourg (fund administration hub, higher). Recruiter surveys.

United States

$85k–$120k + bonus

New York, Boston. Recruiter surveys.

Worldwide

hub-priced

Hong Kong, Singapore, Sydney, Toronto have deep asset-management industries.

Region

Entry band

Note

United Kingdom

£30k–£45k

Bank and consultancy graduate roles in London; think tanks lower. Aggregators + published schemes.

Europe (EU)

€38k–€55k

Frankfurt (ECB ecosystem), Paris, Brussels, Amsterdam. Aggregators.

United States

$65k–$90k

BLS occupational data for economists shows a high median across all experience; this is entry. Washington DC and New York.

Worldwide

varies widely

International organisations (IMF, World Bank, OECD, BIS) run their own graduate programmes with their own scales.

Region

Entry band

Note

United Kingdom

£30k–£40k

Government Economic Service and Bank of England published graduate scales; London weighting applies. Below private sector, above-average pension and progression.

Europe (EU)

€40k–€70k

Very wide: national civil services vary; ECB and EU institutions pay well above national averages on published grades.

United States

$60k–$85k

Federal GS scale for entry economists (GS-7 to GS-9 in most locales); Federal Reserve system on its own scales.

Worldwide

institution-specific

IMF, World Bank, OECD, BIS and UN bodies publish their own grade scales; generally competitive and often tax-advantaged.

Region

Entry band

Note

United Kingdom

£35k–£50k

London specialist firms; among the better-paid economics entry routes. Recruiter surveys + firm-published ranges.

Europe (EU)

€40k–€60k

Brussels (competition), Paris, Amsterdam, Madrid, Frankfurt. Aggregators.

United States

$75k–$100k

Litigation-consulting firms in Washington DC, New York, Chicago, San Francisco.

Worldwide

hub-priced

Follows the location of competition authorities and courts.

Region

Entry band

Note

United Kingdom

£26k–£38k

London and finance/tech at the top; regional and non-tech sectors lower. Large UK aggregators + ONS-adjacent occupational data.

Europe (EU)

€32k–€50k

Amsterdam, Berlin, Dublin, Paris higher; Southern and Eastern Europe lower. Aggregators.

United States

$60k–$80k

BLS operations-research and data-analyst adjacent occupations; tech hubs above. Aggregators.

Worldwide

everywhere

The most geographically distributed role in this guide, including strong remote and near-shore markets (Poland, Portugal, India, Latin America).

Region

Entry band

Note

United Kingdom

£32k–£50k

London tech and finance at the top. Aggregators + recruiter surveys.

Europe (EU)

€40k–€60k

Amsterdam, Berlin, Paris, Dublin, Zurich (CHF, higher). Aggregators.

United States

$90k–$130k

Big-tech and finance well above; BLS data-scientist occupation median is high. Aggregators.

Worldwide

hub-priced

Strong markets in Canada, Australia, Singapore, India (large, lower-priced), and remote roles.

Region

Entry band

Note

United Kingdom

£32k–£50k

London and finance/tech higher; strong demand across regions. Aggregators.

Europe (EU)

€40k–€60k

Amsterdam, Berlin, Dublin, Paris; Zurich (CHF) higher. Aggregators.

United States

$85k–$120k

Tech and finance hubs; consistently strong demand. Aggregators.

Worldwide

hub-priced + remote

One of the most remote-friendly technical roles; large markets in India, Poland, Latin America.